Reverse Engineering (Sequence Diagrams)

Reverse Engineering (Sequence Diagrams) Abstract For better understanding of the software system the extraction of high level models with the help of reverse engineering of behavioral model is preferred. Reverse engineering of sequence diagrams depends on instrumentation and analysis of the source code that considers structure of control flow. In the absence of source code this approach is senseless. In the proposed paper, the approach is to analyze the execution traces through reverse engineering of sequence diagram of the object-oriented applications has been analyzed. Our technique is based on reusing of algorithm k-tail and merging dynamic analysis for LTS. This Labeled Transition System is later converted into SD that has loops. Conclusion of the paper show that this technique can provide sequence time in reduced time and less resources. Keywords- Sequence diagrams, reverse engineering, execution traces. UML helps software engineers understand software through the visualization of interaction of the objects with other objects in it. When sequence diagram is absent the reverse engineering is used to extract accurate models. As per the paper, the authors have taken into account that RE (reverse engineering) of SD from extraction traces of object-oriented systems. The definition of execution trace can be given as a sequence of method invocations where each invocation represents interaction among objects. Reverse engineering can be done in two ways, one by analyzing the source code if the system statically and the other is to dynamically executing the program and analyzing the resulting traces for the sequence diagrams. Here, we are considering the method of execution traces of object-oriented systems for the reverse engineering of sequence diagram. Sequence of method invocation that shows the communication of different objects in an object-oriented system is known as an execution trace in that system. There are two challenges while mapping the traces of method invocation and messages which are: Control flow detection. Multiple execution trace merging. Existing methods use static analysis if method invocation is linked to loop blocks in source. Even though this solution cannot be used in the absence of source code. Several other methods have been proposed to cope with the above two challenges in reverse engineering, but they work only with sequence diagram that too from a single trace and the outcome with multiple execution trace is still uncertain. The prime goal here is to get the UML sequence diagram from multiple traces of execution using only dynamic analysis. Here, before going ahead towards the approach first the model which is used for formalizing the reverse engineering of UML designing is presented. A. Execution traces: First, the analysis is done by observing the trace of execution of the respective system. It can be defined as a sequence of method invocations. [1] Then invocation of methods and traces are defined as: label. caller | method | callee. Trace: Trace is just a sequence of invocation of methods. B. Sequence diagrams A sequence diagram shows the interaction of objects in a system with each other. It can also be shown as an algebraic expression with method invocation as atomic terms an the three operators as the operator in the expression.Sequence diagram can be expressed as[1]: D::=M|(DaltD)|(DseqD)|loop(D) This approach consosts of the following steps: Collection of traces. Merging of traces. Extraction of sequence diagrams. Collection of traces: In the first step, the interaction is observed of objects which are known, in different situations. Every situation, a method invocation is created and an execution trace is captured. Merging of traces: In this step, based on LTS merging, a technique is used which is described in the next section in detail. Extraction of sequence diagrams: In the last step, a sequence diagram is generated with the results of the previous steps Here the K-tail algorithm is used also known as grammar inference technique for merging execution traces. This involves two steps, which are as follows: Initialization: Here a LTS is generated for every execution trace. The generated LTS is a version of the finite automata. Merging: Here the above mentioned algorithm is applied for the merger of LTSes of different execution traces into one LTS. This algorithm uses the initial transitions systems as input, then merges K-equivalents. If the obtained states can be defined by the same path of method invocation, then only they can be considered as K-equivalent.The obtained LTS here shows the behavior in the input traces. In this part an approach is presented to extract a sequence diagram generated by the k-tail algorithm. As per the approach, known solution are reused for transforming DFA to Regular Expression for obtaining Regular Expression equivalent to LTS. The resultant Regular Expression is converted to sequence diagram through simple mapping. An approach has been proposed in the research for the reverse engineering of SD which is based on dynamic analysis. This approach is considered to be very important because in some secured systems, source code might not be provided. We have used the K-tail algorithm for the extraction of   Labeled transition systems (LTS) from observed execution traces. Later the extracted LTS is converted into a SD and then after   mapping to a regular expression. RE- Reverse Engineering, SD-Sequence diagram, LTS- Labeled Transition System, RE2 Regular Expression. [1] Tewfik Ziadià ¢Ã‹â€ - , Marcos Aurà ©lio Almeida da Silvaà ¢Ã‹â€ - , Lom Messan Hillahà ¢Ã‹â€ -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  , Mikal Ziane A Fully Dynamic Approach to the Reverse Engineering of UML Sequence Diagrams., à ¢Ã‹â€ -UMR CNRS 7606, LIP6-MoVe Università © Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Università © Paris Ouest Nanterre La Dà ©fense, Nanterre, France à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡Università © Paris Descartes, Paris, France. [2] Lionel C. Briand, Senior Member, IEEE, Yvan Labiche, Member, IEEE, and Johanne Leduc Toward the Reverse Engineering of UML Sequence Diagrams for Distributed Java Software, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, VOL. 32, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2006. Fig. 1 An example of extracted sequence diagram

Identification of Bacteria in Wastewater Essay example -- Scientific R

The analytical techniques for direct detection, enumeration, isolation and identification many different types of pathogenic bacteria in wastewater and accompanying sludge require well-trained technicians. Also it's usually are unpredictable, difficult, hugely expensive, costly and time-consuming procedures. The task would be enormous if one contemplates the monitoring of hundreds of pathogens and parasites on a routine basis in water and wastewater treatment plants, receiving waters, soils and others environmental samples (Lucero-Ramirez, 2000 and Bitton, 2005). To avoid these problems, Toze (1997) reported that the indicator microorganisms are indicators of fecal pollution used to determine the relative risk of the possible presences of microbial pathogens. Indicator organisms are also used as models for the behavior of pathogens e.g. to determine the efficiency of treatment processes. In this study the bacterial load of the effluent samples examined in this study was summarized in Table 1. There are no significant differences between geometric means of TBC and TC cell number in all samples collected from STP1, STP2 and STP3. The log10 CFU /100 mL of TC of effluent samples collected from STPs was significantly different from the log10 of FC and enterococci cell number (P ≠¤0.05 as determined by ANOVA). The geometric mean values for the TC ranged from 6.12 to 5.39 log10 CFU /100 mL. Enterococci levels in treated effluent at STP1 were significantly less than STP2 and STP3. According to data collected from STPs under study, STP2 is specific for treated of the domestic sewage coming from medical centers, while STP1 treated the wastewater coming from laboratories that operate on the experiences of pharmaceutical in the educationa... ...tion complies with the WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation regarding the FC content (≠¤1000 CFU/100 mL or 3 log10 CFU/100 mL). According to Alcalde et al., (2003) the effluent which has these parameters can be used for unrestricted irrigation of several crops during the entire year without any additional disinfection treatment. This results were accepted by Deportes et al. (1998) who reported that during storage, indicators and pathogenic microorganisms remained either undetectable or at low level. Moreover, survivals of microorganisms that are associated with solids are more than when they are suspended in water (Straub et al., 1992). Works Cited Straub, T. M., Pepper, I. L. and Gerba, C. P. (1992): Persistence of viruses in desert soil amended with anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Journal of Applied Environmental and Microbiology (58), 636–645.

How Far Is Macbeth a Gothic Protagonist

How far is Macbeth a gothic protagonist? The gothic protagonist who is seen as the main character tries to overcome human limitations by making acting as god. Within the novel elements of Gothic is seen which is seen highly in the characters as well as other aspects. Shakespeare’s Macbeth consists of the central protagonist who is Macbeth himself. Thus, Macbeth is seemed as a gothic protagonist because he urges for a gothic goal which is often for more power. A gothic protagonist is known to have sharply contrasting qualities within the character.This is seen in Macbeth as we see the contrast between Good and evil which is a strong source of conflict within Macbeth. Macbeth’s character is deeply divided and this conflict works itself out in depth. The first act of the play offers an increasing insight into the complex interaction of good and evil in Macbeth’s mind. The â€Å"noble†, â€Å"valiant† and â€Å"loyal soldier† of the early scenes is tempted by the visions of future personal glory conjured by the witches and comes increasingly under their influence.The battle between these conflicting elements of Macbeth’s character becomes evident immediately after the first of the witches’ prophecies has come true, when he observes â€Å"this supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good†. The proposition that â€Å"Macbeth is a villain in whom there is little to admire† is an inadequate judgement of Macbeth’s character. Macbeth is not consciously and naturally malevolent, and there are many aspects of his character and his downfall which serve to support this.Macbeth was not only a victim of his own actions, but also of the human condition and the extremely powerful forces of both his wife and fate. Throughout the play the audience undoubtedly experiences feelings of horror at Macbeth, but we are also driven, through an understanding of his character, to admiration and sympathy. T his would not be the case if Macbeth was a totally vile and reprehensible villain, and thus the tragedy of Shakespeare’s Macbeth is clear. Macbeth was certainly no villain to begin with.He is introduced to us as a man of great honour, nobility and strength of morals. He is held in high regard by King Duncan, who addresses him as â€Å"valiant cousin, worthy gentleman†- so highly, in fact, that Macbeth is granted a promotion over Banquo (who seems to be of an extremely worthy and loyal character). But there is a fatal difference between Macbeth and Banquo- Macbeth’s ambition and lust for power. He is a man with an unsurpassable desire to advance himself.He himself identifies this quality while he contemplates an action that he is wholly repulsed by; â€Å"I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting Ambition which o’erleaps itself, And falls on th’ other. † This â€Å"Vaulting Ambition† is what makes Macbeth vulner able and leads him to commit possibly the most vile deed he can imagine, setting him on a path of destruction. There is a temptation to use the fact that he could comprehend the vileness of his deed as a reason as to why we should condemn Macbeth as even worse a villain.Gothic fiction is a form of literature that includes elements of both horror and romance. Most gothic fiction has things that are supernatural, includes feelings like guilt, sin, madness, settings usually in a castle or in dark caves, mystery, suspense, violence, a damsel in distress, and omens or dark curses. The play â€Å"Macbeth† by William Shakespeare is written in gothic literature, this is evident through an examination of the feelings of guilt, sin, madness, the battle between good and evil and omens and curses that take place throughout the play.Omens, curses, prophecies, supernatural beings, these are all things that are very common in gothic literature. Shakespeare uses these things to make the play seem darker and have more mystery to it. There are three witches in â€Å"Macbeth† and they make prophecies that will alter Macbeth’s future. They predict that three things will happen, one of them being â€Å"The power of man for none of woman born/ Shall harm Macbeth,† 4. 1, 91 & 92. Traditionally, characters in gothic fiction have their future predicted by some supernatural being; they use this knowledge to alter their life. Macbeth is no different.One would think that it is impossible to not be born from a woman, so Macbeth uses this to gain confidence that no one will ever be able to kill him. Later on in â€Å"Macbeth†, after the witches make the prophecy of Macbeth not being killed by man born of woman, he goes to battle with Macduff. Since it is said to be that Macbeth cannot be killed by man born of woman, Macbeth is told â€Å"Macduff was from his mother’s womb/ Untimely ripped,† 5. 8, 19 & 20. After being told this Macbet h decided to go to battle with Macduff and got killed, this shows that the prophecy did alter his life in a way he never saw coming.

Iagos Soliloquy Analysis Essay - 1704 Words

Soliloquies play a vital role in William Shakespeare’s works. One of the most important examples of soliloquy use by a character was provided by Iago throughout the play, Othello. A soliloquy is side speech given by a character that is directed to the audience; it most often used to reveal emotions or thoughts of a character in a play. Iago’s use of soliloquies are very unique and stand out from any other character. They constantly change the audiences opinion of him. Each of Iago’s eleven soliloquies reveals his true evil or gains him pity from the audience. This trend makes Iago’s character unpredictable and hard to analyze. Iago’s vast knowledge and understanding of humanistic behavior is the greatest contributor to his most†¦show more content†¦He gloats about the easy in which he can manipulate Roderigo (the fool) into giving him money. Directly after this, you hear of Iago’s feelings towards Othello (the Moor). You learn of Iag o’s suspicion about his wife having an affair with Othello. This gains pity from the audience, because you feel that Iago is a man deeply distraught over the idea of his wife cheating on him. Iago then begins to contemplate how he would seek vengeance on Othello and gain his title. Iago plans to use Othello’s trust and opinion of him to his advantage. He speaks about how he will use Cassio as his pawn to lure Othello into believing his wife, Desdemona is being unloyal to him. Iago discloses that Othello’s character is naive and will be easy to manipulate. As his closing statement he states that, with a little help from the devil, his monstrous plan will be a success. Iago’s second soliloquy reveals how he manipulates Cassio and Desdemona. While Desdemona waits for Othello to return from his journey across ravenous seas, Iago joins her. He purposely acts like a jerk to Desdemona and his wife, Emilia in front of Cassio. When Iago departs from the group, Cas sio, in his good mannered gentleman way, reassures Desdemona that Othello will make it to shore fine. Having Desdemona confide in his words, Cassio takes interest in her just as Iago had planned. In act IIShow MoreRelatedIagos Soliloquies In Othello Analysis931 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyzing Iago’s Soliloquies in Othello Othello the play by William Shakespeare starts in Venice with Iago and Roderigo conversing. Iago is a soldier under the order of Othello and has been paid to keep an eye on Othello by Roderigo who wants to get Othellos fiance, Desdemona. Be that as it may, Iago does not give full disclosure to Roderigo and in this manner doubting issues emerge. Othello and Desdemona wed each other, and when Brabantio, the father of Desdemona comes to blame Othello for utilizingRead More Critical Analysis of Iagos Soliloquy in Act 2 Scene 3 of Othello by William Shakespeare680 Words   |  3 PagesCritical Analysis of Iagos Soliloquy in Act 2 Scene 3 of Othello by William Shakespeare Iago’s second soliloquy is very revealing. It shows him shaping a plan out of the confusion of his emotionally charged thoughts. Iago examines his own thoughts, especially his hatred for Othello: â€Å"The Moor, howbeit that I endure him not† He is also suffering from the â€Å"poisonous mineral† of jealousy that still swirls around the rumour that Othello has slept with Emilia. Iago couldRead MoreOthello, by William Shakespeare Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Othello, Iago is portrayed as a cruel puppet master, using his high order critical analysis and manipulative skills to exact on those he believe wronged him; as he weaves a web of deceit to ensnare the play’s protagonist (and namesake of the play) Othello. Various movie adaptations have portrayed the characters in different ways, often resulting in a fusion of the context of the age, artistic license and Shakespeare’s character. One such fusion is Stuart Burge’s 1965 filmic portrayalRead MoreAnalysis of Act One of Othello by William Shakespeare Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Act One of Othello by William Shakespeare Act 1 is an exceptionally indicative passage of writing in which Shakespeare attempts to divulge the coarse essence of Iagos nature to the audience. Indeed, by the conclusion of line 66 the audience not only understands - in broad terms - Iagos motives and grievances, but also something of the manner in which he intends to consummate Read MoreSummary Of The Prince During The 1500 S1622 Words   |  7 Pageslearning of his daughter’s marriage and he proclaims â€Å"Thou art a villain!† to which Iago replies, â€Å"You are a-senator!† (i.i.12). This was very significant because Iago is informing the audience that Brabantio was stating the obvious, but because of Iago’s cunningness, Brabantio does not catch on. Iago also contains the ability to charm and convince people of his loyalty, but he ends up double crossing all who considered him a friend. Many of these characters call him â€Å"Honest Iago†, a malapropism inRead MoreEssay about Analysis of an Extract from William Shakespeares Othello980 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of an Extract from William Shakespeares Othello In the play Othello, four characters are murdered. The character Iago, who manipulated certain characters into wanting to kill them. Desdemona, Emilia, Othello, and Roderigo, are killed. Iago originally did this out of jealousy of Othello and Roderigo. The deaths of these four characters were inevitable. There was justice in this play for all of the characters who were involved in the killing of the four charactersRead MoreIago of William Shakespeares Othello Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagescharacter of drama. Shakespeare is brilliant in his transformation of the handsome, fairly two-dimensional rogue in Cinthios original to the evil egotist who preys on human emotions, a character so deep he could undergo psychological analysis. Indeed is can, and has been said, Iago is the spirit of negation set against the spirit of creation, Geoffrey Wilson Knight. He shows immense wit throughout the play but uses this gift and his graft of words for pure evil and to bringRead MoreOthello As The Hero And Villain2002 Words   |  9 PagesShakespearean period may agree with. Opponents of this view, see Iago as cunning, describing the villain as a worldly realist who exploits Othello’s hamartia of jealousy for his own pleasure, who seeks no remorse. In 1904 A. C. Bradley presented a positive analysis of Othello, whom he saw as innocent and virtuous. Othello was ‘the most romantic figure among Shakespeare’s heroes, he does not belong to our world’. Bradley’s views Othello as a man of mystery and intense feeling, trustful, passionate but self-controlledRead More Shakespeares Othello and Uncontrolled Jealousy Essay1858 Words   |  8 Pagesjealousy that no interpreter has been able to ignore the obvious intention of the author. Yet if we study the contemporary interpretations of the passion here portrayed, we find that Shakespeare was following in detail a broader and more significant analysis of the passion than has in modern days been understood. The play is, however, clearly a study in jealousy and in jealousy as it affects those of different races. (148) Can we narrow down the concept of jealousy in this play to a specific typeRead MoreEssay on The Character of Iago from Othello4183 Words   |  17 Pagesmost dangerous moments everything seems to fit his plans. From the beginning the readers (or the audience) are fascinated by this character of ‘a villain’ ; they are, in some way, participating in his plot, being the only spectators of his famous soliloquies in which he reveals (if he ever does) his true face, or at least, the bitter content of his thoughts. He is tormented by hate, jealousy and lust, he creates the self-deception about his own magnitude, his fantasies are lascivious and immature, and